Vehicle mounted virtual visor system with optimized blocker pattern

ABSTRACT

A virtual visor system is disclosed that includes a visor having a plurality of independently operable pixels that are selectively operated with a variable opacity. A camera captures images of the face of a driver or other passenger and, based on the captured images, a controller operates the visor to automatically and selectively darken a limited portion thereof to block the sun or other illumination source from striking the eyes of the driver, while leaving the remainder of the visor transparent. The virtual visor system advantageously updates the optical state with blocker patterns that including padding in excess of what is strictly necessary to block the sunlight. This padding advantageously provides robustness against errors, allows for a more relaxed response time, and minimizes frequent small changes to the position of the blocker in the optical state of the visor.

FIELD

The device and method disclosed in this document relates to anti-glare systems and, more particularly, to vehicle mounted virtual visor system with optimized blocker patterns.

BACKGROUND

Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described in this section are not admitted to be the prior art by inclusion in this section.

When driving an automotive vehicle while the sun is low on the horizon, such as in the mornings and evenings, a common problem is that the sun shines through the windshield and disrupts the view of the driver, making it challenging to clearly see the road, traffic signals, road signs, and other vehicles. A conventional solution to this problem is to include manually deployable sun visors mounted adjacent to the windshield of the vehicle. A sun visor is typically an opaque object which can be deployed between a passenger and the sun to block direct sunlight from striking the passenger’s eyes. Particularly, the sun visor can be flipped, rotated, or otherwise repositioned to cover a portion of the windshield in an effort to block the sun.

However, in the deployed position, the sun visor generally fails to consistently and continuously prevent the sun from disrupting the view of the driver unless it is frequently adjusted. Particularly, due to its large size and distance from the earth, the sun acts as a directional light source. Thus, in order to block the sunlight, the sun visor must be positioned such that it intersects the subset of the sun’s rays that would pass through the position of the driver’s eyes. The correct positioning of the sun visor varies as a function of the position of the passenger’s eyes and the direction of the sunlight relative to the passenger’s eyes. During a typical driving trip in a vehicle, the vehicle generally changes directions frequently and the driver will move his or her head within the vehicle frequently. Accordingly, a sun visor must be repositioned or adjusted frequently to ensure continuous blockage of the sunlight.

In an effort to overcome these shortcomings, sun visors are typically much larger than is otherwise necessary to effectively block sunlight, such that a single position of the sun visor can block sunlight with a variety of head positions and sunlight directions, thereby reducing the required frequency of adjusting the sun visor. However, this larger size in turn obstructs the view of the driver, often blocking the view of high mounted road signs and stop lights. In order to overcome these issues, the driver often must reposition his or her head so that the visor blocks the sun, while not overly disrupting the rest of his or her view.

What is needed is a visor system which reliably blocks high intensity light sources, such as the sun, while minimizing distraction of the driver and disruption to the rest of the view of the driver through the windshield.

SUMMARY

A visor system is disclosed. The visor system comprises a camera mounted within an environment and configured to capture a plurality of images of a face of a person in the environment. The visor system further comprises a visor mounted within the environment and having a plurality of pixels arranged contiguously. An optical state of the visor is adjustable by selectively operating each respective pixel of the plurality of pixels with a respective pixel optical state selected from a plurality of pixel optical states. Each pixel optical state in the plurality of pixel optical states has a different opacity such that the respective pixel blocks a different amount of light from passing through a corresponding area of the visor. The visor system further comprises a controller operably connected to the camera and to the visor. The controller is configured to receive the plurality of images from the camera. The controller is further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images, determine, based on the respective image, at least one position on the visor at which a light source shines through the visor into an eye of the person. The controller is further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images, determine an updated optical state for the visor including a first subset of pixels of the plurality of pixels which are operated in non-transparent pixel optical states from the plurality of pixel optical states, the first subset of pixels including (i) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is located so as to block the light source from shining through the visor into the eye of the person and (ii) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is not located. The controller is further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images, operate the visor to display the updated optical state.

A method for operating a visor system is disclosed. The visor system includes a visor mounted within an environment and having a plurality of pixels arranged contiguously, an optical state of the visor is adjustable by selectively operating each respective pixel of the plurality of pixels with a respective pixel optical state selected from a plurality of pixel optical states. Each pixel optical state in the plurality of pixel optical states has a different opacity such that the respective pixel blocks a different amount of light from passing through a corresponding area of the visor. The method comprises capturing, with a camera mounted within the environment, a plurality of images of a face of a person in the environment. The method further comprises, for each respective image in the plurality of images, determining, with a controller, based on the respective image, at least one position on the visor at which a light source shines through the visor into an eye of the person. The method further comprises, for each respective image in the plurality of images, determining, with the controller, an updated optical state for the visor including a first subset of pixels of the plurality of pixels which are operated in non-transparent pixel optical states from the plurality of pixel optical states, the first subset of pixels including (i) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is located so as to block the light source from shining through the visor into the eye of the person and (ii) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is not located. The method further comprises, for each respective image in the plurality of images, displaying, with the visor, the updated optical state.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium for operating a visor system is disclosed. The visor system includes a camera mounted within an environment and configured to capture a plurality of images of a face of a person of the environment. The visor system further includes a visor mounted within the environment and having a plurality of pixels arranged contiguously, an optical state of the visor is adjustable by selectively operating each respective pixel of the plurality of pixels with a respective pixel optical state selected from a plurality of pixel optical states. Each pixel optical state in the plurality of pixel optical states has a different opacity such that the respective pixel blocks a different amount of light from passing through a corresponding area of the visor. The computer-readable medium stores program instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to receive the plurality of images from the camera. The computer-readable medium further stores program instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to, for each respective image in the plurality of images, determine, based on the respective image, at least one position on the visor at which a light source shines through the visor into an eye of the person. The computer-readable medium further stores program instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to, for each respective image in the plurality of images, determine an updated optical state for the visor including a first subset of pixels of the plurality of pixels which are operated in non-transparent pixel optical states from the plurality of pixel optical states, the first subset of pixels including (i) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is located so as to block the light source from shining through the visor into the eye of the person and (ii) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is not located. The computer-readable medium further stores program instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to, for each respective image in the plurality of images, operate the visor to display the updated optical state.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and other features of visor system and method are explained in the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a side view of a portion of a driver compartment of a vehicle showing an exemplary embodiment of a vehicle mounted virtual visor system.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of the visor of FIG. 1 operated in an exemplary blocking mode.

FIG. 3 shows a portion of an exemplary image of the face of the driver captured by the camera of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 4 shows a method for controlling an optical state of the visor to continuously block sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver or other passenger, while minimizing the visual disturbance of updates to the optical state.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show exemplary minimal optical states for the visor having minimal blocker patterns.

FIGS. 6A-6G show exemplary updated optical states for the visor in which the minimal blocker patterns of FIGS. 5A and 5B are padded with additional pixels.

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary method for determining the most likely current sunlight direction in a probabilistic manner using Bayesian Inference.

FIG. 8 shows a portion of an exemplary image of the face of the driver captured by the camera of FIG. 1 , in which sample points are illustrated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and described in the following written specification. It is understood that no limitation to the scope of the disclosure is thereby intended. It is further understood that the present disclosure includes any alterations and modifications to the illustrated embodiments and includes further applications of the principles of the disclosure as would normally occur to one skilled in the art which this disclosure pertains.

Virtual Visor System

With reference to FIG. 1 , an exemplary embodiment of a vehicle mounted virtual visor system 20 is described. Particularly, FIG. 1 shows a partial view of a cabin 17 and windshield 19 of a vehicle 18 in which the virtual visor system 20 is installed. The vehicle 18 may be a passenger vehicle, a commercial vehicle, an off-road vehicle, a recreational vehicle, an airplane, a boat, or any other suitable vehicle. It should be appreciated, however, that the virtual visor system 20 may also be used in environments other than a vehicle, such as a room of a building (e.g., an office environment or manufacturing setting). The virtual visor system 20 at least includes a controller 10, a visor 12, and a camera 14. The visor 12 comprises a plurality of independently operable regions, referred to herein as “pixels,” that can be selectively operated with a variable opacity/transparency. The camera 14 captures images of the face of a driver 16 or other passenger and, based on the captured images, the controller 10 operates the visor 12 to automatically and selectively darken a limited portion thereof to block the sun or other illumination source from striking the eyes of the driver 16, while leaving the remainder of the visor 12 transparent. Thus, the virtual visor system 20 advantageously eliminates unnecessary obstructions to the drivers view while also blocking distracting light sources, thereby improving the safety of the vehicle 18 by minimizing disruption of the view of the driver.

In at least some embodiments, the visor 12 is mounted or otherwise attached to a surface within the cabin 17 of the vehicle 18, in the field of view of the driver 16 or other passenger. Particularly, in some embodiments, the visor 12 is mounted to the vehicle 18 so as to be in the line of sight of the driver 16 sitting in the driver’s seat and looking through the windshield 19. For example, in the case of a left-hand drive vehicle, the visor 12 may be mounted to the roof adjacent to the windshield 19 so as to cover and/or obstruct at least a portion of an upper-left (as viewed from within the cabin 17) region of the windshield 19. Conversely, in the case of a right-hand drive vehicle, the visor 12 may be mounted to the roof adjacent to the windshield 19 so as to cover and/or obstruct at least a portion of an upper-right (as viewed from within the cabin 17) region of the windshield 19. The visor 12 may be proportioned, mounted, and arranged to cover and/or obstruct any region or regions of the windshield 19, as well as regions of other windows of the vehicle 18. As further examples, the visor 12 may be mounted to any of the pillars of the vehicle 18 adjacent to the windshield 19 or other window, mounted to the dash, or mounted directly to the windshield 19 other window itself in order to cover different regions of the windshield 19 or other windows of the vehicle 18. In some embodiments, the visor 12 may by hingedly or pivotally mounted to an interior surface of the vehicle 18 such that its orientation can be manually adjusted. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the visor 12 is integrated with the glass of the windshield 19 or other window of the vehicle.

With reference to FIG. 2 , the visor 12 comprises a plurality of independently operable pixels 22 that are contiguously arranged to form a panel. As used herein, the term “pixel” refers to any independently operable portion of a medium that is controllable to adjust an optical transparency thereof. In at least some embodiments, the plurality of pixels 22 are contiguously arranged within a bezel 24. In the illustrated embodiment, the pixels 22 each have a hexagonal shape and are arranged in a uniform grid formation. However, it should be appreciated that the pixels 22 may be of any size and shape and the visor 12 may include non-uniform arrangements of pixels 22 having mixed sizes and shapes. In at least one embodiment, the visor 12 is an LCD panel having LCD pixels 22. However, it should be appreciated that the visor 12 may instead utilize various other technologies in which portions of the visor 12 are electrically, magnetically, or mechanically controllable to adjust an optical transparency thereof.

In order to block sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver 16, a subset of pixels 26 are operated in an at least partially opaque optical state, whereas the remaining pixels 28 are operated in a transparent optical state. The subset of pixels 26 are intended block sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver 16 and may also be referred to herein as the “blocker.” Particularly, each pixel 22 is configured to be selectively operated by the controller 10 in one of a plurality of pixel optical states, at least including: (1) a transparent optical state in which the respective pixel allows light to pass through a respective area of the visor 12 and (2) an opaque optical state in which the respective pixel blocks light from passing through the respective area of the visor 12. In some embodiments, the plurality of pixel optical states that further includes (3) one or more intermediate optical states in which the respective pixel partially blocks different amounts of light from passing through the respective area of the visor 12. It should be appreciated that the “opaque optical state” and a “transparent optical state” do not necessarily indicate a 100% opaque characteristic and a 100% transparent characteristic, respectively. Instead, the opaque optical state is simply an optical state in which the pixel which blocks more light from passing through the respective area than the pixel does in the transparent optical state. Generally, the opaque optical state blocks the most light from passing through the respective area and the transparent optical state blocks the least light from passing through the respective area.

Returning to FIG. 1 , the controller 10 generally comprises at least one processor and at least one associated memory having program instructions stored thereon, which are executed by the at least one processor to achieve the described functionalities. It will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that a “controller” or “processor” includes any hardware system, hardware mechanism or hardware component that processes data, signals, or other information. The controller 10 may include a system with a central processing unit, multiple processing units, or dedicated circuitry for achieving specific functionality.

In at least one embodiment, the controller 10 is operably connected to one or more row/column driver circuits (not shown), via which the controller 10 controls the optical state of each individual pixel of the visor 12. The row/column driver circuits may comprise any suitable arrangement of multiplexers, transistors, amplifiers, capacitors, etc. configured to control the optical state of each individual pixel of the visor 12 in response to control signals provided by the controller 10. In some embodiments, portions of the row/column driver circuits may be integrated with the visor 12 and the pixels thereof. In some embodiments, portions of the row/column driver circuits may be integrated with the controller 10.

With continued reference to FIG. 1 , the camera 14 continuously or periodically captures images of the face of the driver 16 or other passenger in the cabin 17 of the vehicle 18. The camera 14 is mounted in the vehicle 18 at a location which has a clear view of at least part of the face of the driver 16 so as to detect a shadow cast on the face of the driver 16. In the illustrated embodiment, the camera 14 is mounted or otherwise integrated with the roof of the vehicle 18, above the windshield 19 and directly in front of the driver 16. In another embodiment, the camera 14 is mounted to or otherwise integrated with the dash or steering wheel directly in front of the driver 16. In yet another embodiment, the camera 14 integrated with visor 12, such as in the bezel 24. In a further embodiment, the camera 14 is mounted to or otherwise integrated with the left or right “A” pillar of the vehicle 18.

FIG. 3 shows a portion of an exemplary image 50 of the face of the driver 16 or other passenger. As can be seen, a shadow 52 is projected onto the face of the driver 16 or other passenger by the optical state of the visor 12. In particular, the shadow 52 corresponds to a projection of the subset of pixels 26 that are operated in the at least partially opaque optical state. The controller 10 is configured to receive the images of the face of the driver 16 or other passenger from the camera 14 and, based on the images, continuously update the optical state of the visor 12. In particular, the controller 10 determines and continuously updates a sunlight direction based on the location of the detected shadow 52 on the face of the driver 16 or other passenger. Additionally the controller 10 determines and continuously updates positions of the eyes of the driver 16 or other passenger within the cabin 17, based on the images. Based on the sunlight direction and the positions of the eyes of the driver 16 or other passenger, the controller 10 updates the subset of pixels 26 that are operated in the at least partially opaque optical state so that the sunlight continues to be blocked from striking the eyes of the driver 16 or other passenger.

In the example of FIG. 2 , the subset of pixels 26 forms a blocker that is positioned based on the sunlight direction and the positions of the eyes of the driver 16 or other passenger, such that it encompasses the projected eye positions (shown as ‘X’ markings within the blocker) on the visor 12 and the pixels thereof are operated in a most opaque pixel optical state. In this way, the opaque pixels of the blocker block sunlight from passing through the visor 12 and striking the eyes of the driver 16 or other passenger.

It should be appreciated that, both the sunlight direction and the positions of the eyes of the driver 16 or other passenger will change frequently, and sometimes rapidly, as the vehicle 18 is driven. Depending on strategy adopted by the controller 10 for determining and updating the optical state of the visor 12, this may result in equally frequent and rapid changes in the optical state of the visor 12. However, frequent and rapid changes in the optical state of the visor 12 create a visual disturbance that can be distracting to the driver 16. Accordingly, it is advantageous for the controller 10 to adopt one or more strategies to minimize the amount and the extent of these visual disturbances.

Method of Operating the Virtual Visor System

A variety of methods and processes are described below for operating the virtual visor system 20. In these descriptions, statements that a method, processor, and/or system is performing some task or function refers to a controller or processor (e.g., the processor of the controller 10) executing program instructions stored in non-transitory computer readable storage media (e.g., the memory of the controller 10) operatively connected to the controller or processor to manipulate data or to operate one or more components in the virtual visor system 20 to perform the task or function. Additionally, the steps of the methods may be performed in any feasible chronological order, regardless of the order shown in the figures or the order in which the steps are described.

FIG. 4 shows a method 100 for controlling an optical state of the visor 12 to continuously block sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver 16 or other passenger, while minimizing the visual disturbance of updates to the optical state. The method 100 advantageously updates the optical state with blocker patterns that including padding in excess of what is strictly necessary to block the sunlight. This padding advantageously provides robustness against errors in the projected eye positions. Moreover, this padding advantageously allows for a more relaxed response time to changes in the driving conditions, thereby avoiding scenarios where the latency of the system 20 would otherwise result in the sunlight temporarily reaching the eyes of the driver 16. Finally, this padding advantageously has a hysteresis effect that minimizes frequent small changes to the position of the blocker in the optical state of the visor 12.

Although described primarily with respect to blocking sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver 16, it should be appreciated that the method 100 is equally applicable to blocking sunlight from striking the eyes of other passengers in the vehicle 18. Additionally, although described primarily with respect to sunlight, it should be appreciated that the method 100 is equally applicable to blocking light from any other light source, including multiple light sources (e.g., oncoming vehicle headlights).

The method 100 begins with initializing an optical state of the visor (block 110). Particularly, the controller 10 initializes the visor 12 by operating the visor 12 to have a predetermined initial optical state. As used herein, the “optical state” of the visor 12 refers to the collective pixel optical states of all of the pixels 22 of the visor 12. Likewise, as used herein, the “pixel optical state” refers to the operating state of an individual one of the pixels 22 of the visor 12. In at least some embodiments, the optical state of the visor 12 is characterized by an array of integer values in which each integer value indicates a respective pixel optical state O_(i) of a respective pixel i. In embodiments in which the pixels 22 of the visor 12 are arranged in a uniform grid formation having a plurality of m columns and a plurality of n rows, the optical state of the visor 12 is characterized in particular by an [m x n] array of integer values O_(i,j), each representing the pixel optical state of a respective pixel at the location (i, j). In at least one embodiment, the integer values have a value selected from a predetermined range of values (e.g., 0-255) corresponding to a plurality of possible pixel optical states (e.g., where 0 indicates a most transparent pixel optical state, 255 indicates a most opaque pixel optical state, and the intermediate values indicate intermediate opacities therebetween).

In at least some embodiments, the predetermined initial optical state includes at least some pixels 22 in the most opaque pixel optical state or one of the intermediate pixel optical states such that the initial optical state will cast a shadow on the face of the driver 16. The predetermined initial optical state may include a subset of pixels 22 operated in the most opaque optical state that form a cross, a grid, or some other pattern that is optimal for an initial shadow detection on the face of the driver 16. In some embodiments, the controller 10 initializes the visor 12 in response to receiving a control signal from a vehicle computer (not shown) or a driver-operated switch/button indicating that the virtual visor system 20 is to begin operation.

The controller 10 stores the initial optical state a memory of the controller 10 as the current optical state of the visor 12. For clarity, it is noted that the current optical state of the visor 12 refers to the optical state that is currently displayed by the visor 12 and, likewise, the current pixel optical state

O_(i, j)^(Current)

for each respective pixel 22 refers to the pixel optical state that is currently displayed by the respective pixel 22 the visor 12. Thus, the current optical state for the visor 12 is a collection of current pixel optical states

O_(i, j)^(Current)

for each pixel 22 of the visor 12. In a first update cycle of the method 100, the current optical state of the visor 12 is the predetermined initial optical state discussed above. In each subsequent update cycle of the method 100, the current optical state of the visor 12 is the most recent updated optical state, discussed below with respect to blocks 170 and 180. As used herein, the phrase “update cycle” refers to a respective iteration of the loop illustrated in FIG. 4 , consisting generally of the blocks 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, and 180, described in detail below.

The method 100 continues with capturing an image of the face of the driver (block 120). Particularly, the camera 14, which is oriented toward the face of the driver 16, captures an image of the face of the driver 16. The controller 10 receives the captured image(s) from the camera 14. In one embodiment, the controller 10 stores the captured image(s) from the camera 14 in the memory of the controller 10. In at least some embodiments, the camera 14 is configured to continuously or periodically capture images of the face of the driver 16 in the form of video and, except for the initialization in block 110, the processes of the method 100 can be repeated for each image frame captured by the camera 14.

The method 100 continues with determining the current pose of the head of the driver and the current eye positions of the driver (block 130). Particularly, based on the image(s) captured by the camera 14, the controller 10 determines a current pose of the head of the driver 16 (i.e., the position and orientation of the head within the cabin 17). The controller 10 stores the current pose of the head of the driver 16 in the memory of the controller 10. The pose of the head of the driver 16 can, for example, be characterized and/or represented by a set of coordinates [X^(head), Y^(head), Z^(head)] defining the position of the head of the driver 16 and a set of angles

[θ_(X)^(head), θ_(Y)^(head), θ_(Z)^(head)]

defining the orientation of the head of the driver 16.

In at least one embodiment, the controller 10 detects the pose of the head of the driver 16 [X^(head), Y^(head), Z^(head)] and

[θ_(X)^(head), θ_(Y)^(head), θ_(Z)^(head)]

in the frame using a human pose estimation algorithm. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a human pose estimation algorithm is generally an algorithm that determines a set of key points or coordinates within the image frame that correspond to key features of a person. As applied to images of a human face and pose detection thereof, these key points will generally include facial landmarks including, for example, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, forehead, chin, and the like. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that wide variety of human pose estimation algorithms exist and that many different human pose estimation algorithms can be suitable adapted to determining the current pose of the head of the driver 16 [X^(head), Y^(head), Z^(head)] and

[θ_(X)^(head), θ_(Y)^(head), θ_(Z)^(head)].

Based on the current pose of the head of the driver 16 [X^(head), Y^(head), Z^(head)] and

[θ_(X)^(head), θ_(Y)^(head), θ_(Z)^(head)]

and/or simply based on the key point detection of the human pose estimation algorithm, the controller 10 determines the current position of the eyes of the driver 16 within the cabin 17. The controller 10 stores the current position of the eyes of the driver 16 in the memory of the controller 10. The current position of the eyes of the driver 16 can, for example, be characterized and/or represented by a set of coordinates [X^(left), Y^(left), Z^(left)] defining the position of the left eye of the driver 16 and a set of coordinates [X^(right), Y^(right), Z^(right)] defining the position of the left eye of the driver 16. As mentioned above, the position of the eyes of the driver 16 [X^(left), Y^(left), Z^(left)] and [X^(right),Y^(right), Z^(right)] within the cabin 17 are one of the two parameters required to determine the necessary optical state of the visor 12 to block sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver 16.

The method 100 continues with determining a current sunlight direction (block 140). Particularly, based on the image(s) captured by the camera 14, the controller 10 determines the current sunlight direction. The controller 10 stores the current sunlight direction in the memory of the controller 10. Due to its large size and distance from the earth, the sun essentially acts as a directional light source. Thus, the sunlight direction can be represented by vector that passes through the visor 12 and toward the driver 16. Though, it should be appreciated that some non-parallel sunrays may pass through the visor 12 and, as such, this vector is merely an approximation. This vector can be represented by a pair of angles including the angle at which the sunlight passes through the visor 12 along a first axis (e.g. a horizontal axis) and the angle at which the sunlight passes through the visor 12 along a second axis (e.g., a vertical axis). The current sunlight direction can, for example, can be characterized and/or represented by an angle pair

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)],

where -90° < θ_(X) < 90° is a horizontal angle at which the sunlight passes through the visor 12 and -90° < θ_(Y) < 90° is a vertical angle at which the sunlight passes through the visor 12. It should be appreciated that these angles can be defined with respect to a variety of different frames of reference and a sunlight direction [0°,0°] may, for example, be normal to the plane/surface of the visor 12, normal to the viewing direction of the camera 14, or normal to the viewing directly of the driver 16. Likewise, the possible ranges for the angle pair

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

can be defined differently depending on the frame of reference.

It should be appreciated that the two-dimensional angle pair

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

is sufficient to characterize and/or represent the current sunlight direction, but that this angle pair is relative to a known normal vector. The current sunlight direction can, of course, be characterized and/or represented in three-dimensional terms by three angles

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun), θ_(Z)^(sun)],

which may, for example, be in the same reference frame as the previously determined positions of the eyes and/or head of the driver 16. This may be the preferred characterization of the sunlight direction in embodiments in which the physical positioning of visor 12 and/or the camera 14 are adjustable.

The controller 10 can be configured to determine the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

using a wide variety of methods, in general by detecting the shadow 52 that is projected onto the face of the driver 16 by the optical state of the visor 12. Particularly, the controller 10 determines the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

based on (i) the position of the shadow 52 on the face of the driver 16 in the image(s) captured by the camera 14, (ii) the previously determined current pose of the head of the driver 16

[X^(head), Y^(head), Z^(head)] and [θ_(X)^(head), θ_(Y)^(head), θ_(Z)^(head)],

and (iii) a known current pose of the visor 12 (i.e., the position and orientation of the visor 12 within the cabin 17). More particularly, given the current pose of the visor 12 and the current pose of the head of the driver 16

[X^(head), Y^(head), Z^(head)]and[θ_(X)^(head), θ_(Y)^(head), θ_(Z)^(head)],

the controller 10 determines the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

as that which would project a shadow onto the face of the driver 16 at the position and/or orientation of the detected shadow 52 in the image(s) from the camera 14.

In at least one embodiment, the controller 10 is configured to determine the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

in a probabilistic manner by determining a set (e.g., an array) of probabilities corresponding to each of a predefined plurality of possible sunlight directions. In one embodiment, the set of probabilities are continuously updated and refined based on new information, for example using Bayes’ Theorem, to arrive at an accurate prediction of the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)].

One exemplary probabilistic method for determining the most likely current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

is described in greater detail below with respect to FIG. 7 .

The method 100 continues with determining projected eye positions by projecting the current eye positions onto the visor using the current light direction (block 150). Particularly, the controller 10 determines at least one position on the visor 12 at which the sun (or other light source) shines through the visor 12 into eyes of the driver 16 or other passenger. More particularly, in at least one embodiment, these positions on the visor 12 are projected eye positions. In at least one embodiment, the controller 10 determines the projected eye positions by projecting the current positions of the eyes [X^(left), Y^(left), Z^(left)] and [X^(right), Y^(right), Z^(right)] of the driver 16 onto the plane/surface of the visor 12 using the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)].

In the case that the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

was determined in a probabilistic manner characterized by a set of probabilities, the controller 10 performs this projection using the sunlight direction having the highest probability value according to the most recently updated set of probabilities. In this case, the projected eye positions may also have an associated probability or uncertainty that reflects the uncertainties in the driving condition, in particular the uncertainty of the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)].

A two-dimensional coordinate space of the plane/surface of the visor 12 has maximum dimensions equal to the physical dimensions A x B (e.g., 24 × 8 inches) of the visor 12, where A denotes the horizontal width of the visor 12 and B denotes the vertical height of the visor 12. The projected positions of the eyes of the driver 16 onto the visor 12 can, for example, be characterized and/or represented by a set of coordinates

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]

defining the projected position of the left eye of the driver 16 in the coordinate space of the plane/surface of the visor 12 and a set of coordinates

[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

defining the projected position of the right eye of the driver 16 in the coordinate space of the plane/surface of the visor 12.

The method 100 continues with determining a minimal optical state for the visor based on the projected eye positions (block 160). Particularly, the controller 10 determines the minimal optical state for the visor 12 based on the at least one position on the visor 12 at which the sun (or other light source) shines through the visor 12 into eyes of the driver 16 or other passenger. More particularly, the controller 10 determines the minimal optical state for the visor 12 based on the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]

and

[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

on the visor 12. The controller 10 determines the minimal optical state in accordance with a minimal blocker pattern defined by the blocking mode of the visor 12.

The controller 10 may determine the minimal optical state in accordance with a variety of different blocking modes. As used herein, a “blocking mode” refers to the manner in which the optical state of the visor 12 and/or the pixel optical states of the individual pixels 22 of the visor 12 are determined as a function of the driving conditions of the vehicle 12. As discussed above, the driving conditions of the vehicle 12 are characterized by the sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

and the positions of the eyes [X^(left), Y^(left), Z^(left)] and [X^(right), Y^(right), Z^(right)] of the driver 16 or other passenger or, equivalently, simply characterized by the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]

and

[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

on the visor 12.

In general, the blocking mode defines a minimal blocker pattern that includes a subset of pixels that would be sufficient to block sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver 16, while also maximizing the amount of visibility through the visor 12. Particularly, it should be appreciated that there is a tradeoff between (1) minimizing the amount of sunlight that strikes the eyes of the driver 16 and (2) maximizing the visibility through the visor 12. The minimal blocker pattern, and thus the minimal optical state, is designed to optimize both of these considerations by defining a subset of at least partially opaque pixels that is just large enough to block sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver 16, but no larger, thus leaving a maximum amount of the visor 12 transparent.

The minimal blocker pattern defines a subset of the pixels that are positioned on the visor 12 depending on the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]

and

[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

and such that they encompass the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]

and

[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

on the visor 12. The pixels of the minimal blocker pattern are operated in pixel optical states that are sufficiently opaque to block some or all of the sunlight from passing through the visor 12 and striking the eyes of the driver 16. The pixels of the minimal blocker pattern at least include the two pixels within which the respective projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)] and [X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

are directly located. Thus, in some embodiments, the minimal blocker pattern may include only these two pixels. However, because the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)] and [X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

may fall near the boundary of the particular pixels within which they are directly located, such a minimal blocker pattern including only these two pixels may be insufficient to reliably block sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver 16, even in static driving conditions. Accordingly, in most embodiments, the minimal blocker pattern is designed to incorporate additional pixels surrounding the particular pixels within which the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)] and [X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

are directly located. The remaining pixels of the minimal optical state that are not incorporated by the minimal blocker pattern are operated in the transparent pixel optical state.

Much like the initialized optical state of the visor 12, the minimal optical state for the visor 12 is characterized by an array of minimal pixel optical states

O_(i, j)^(Minimal)

for the pixels of the visor 12, each characterized by an integer value indicating a respective minimal pixel optical state

O_(i, j)^(Minimal)

of a respective pixel at a location (i, j). In embodiments in which the pixels of the visor 12 are arranged in a uniform grid formation having a plurality of m columns and a plurality of n rows, the minimal optical state for the visor 12 is characterized in particular by an [m x n] array of integer values. In at least one embodiment, the integer values have a value selected from a predetermined range of values (e.g., 0-255) corresponding to a plurality of possible pixel optical states.

The controller 10 determines, for each respective pixel of the visor 12, the minimal pixel optical state

O_(i, j)^(Minimal)

based on a relationship between the position of the respective pixel and the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)] and [X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

on the visor 12. Particularly, the minimal blocker pattern is arranged on the visor 12 depending on the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)] and [X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)].

If a respective pixel is positioned relative to the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]and[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

on the visor 12 such that it is located within the minimal blocker pattern, the controller 10 determines the minimal pixel optical state

O_(i, j)^(Minimal)

for the respective pixel as being a predetermined non-transparent pixel optical state (e.g., the most opaque pixel optical state) defined by the minimal blocker pattern. Otherwise, if the respective pixel is positioned relative to the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]and[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

on the visor 12 such that it is not located within the minimal blocker pattern, then the controller 10 determines the minimal pixel optical state

O_(i, j)^(Minimal)

for the respective pixel as a predetermined ‘transparent’ pixel optical state (e.g., the most transparent pixel optical state).

In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines the minimal optical state using a minimal blocker pattern that defines a contiguous grouping of pixels that encompasses both of projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]and[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

on the visor. Particularly, the contiguous grouping of pixels at least includes (i) a first pixel within which the projected left eye position

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]

is located, (ii) a second pixelwithin which the projected right eye position

[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

is located, and (iii) each of the pixels arranged between the first pixel and the second pixel. In at least some embodiments, the contiguous grouping of pixels further includes layer of pixels that completely surround and encompass (i) the first pixel, (ii) the second pixel, and (iii) each pixel between the first pixel and the second pixel. This additional layer of pixels ensures the blocking of sunlight even when the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]

or

[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

fall near the boundary of the particular pixels within which they are directly located.

FIG. 5A shows an exemplary minimal optical state of the visor 12 that includes a single blocker that encompasses the projected eye positions. Particularly, a minimal blocker pattern defines a roughly rectangular subset of pixels 226A that encompass the projected eye positions (shown as ‘×’ markings within the minimal blocker pattern 226A), and which are operated in the opaque pixel operating state. As can be seen, the minimal blocker pattern 226A includes three rows of pixels: a middle row 230A of pixels within the projected eye positions are directly located, a top row 232A of pixels arranged directly above the middle row, and a bottom row 234A of pixels arranged directly below the middle row. The middle row 230A extends in both directions one pixel beyond the respective pixels within which the projected eye positions are directly located and the top row 232A and the bottom row 234A are similar in length. The remaining pixels 228A of the minimal optical state are operated in the transparent pixel optical state. In this way, the minimal blocker pattern 226A reliably encompasses the projected eye positions, while maximizing the amount of transparency in the visor 12.

In further embodiments, the controller 10 determines the minimal optical state using a minimal blocker pattern that defines a first contiguous grouping of pixels that encompasses the projected left eye position

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]

on the visor and a second contiguous grouping of pixels that encompasses the projected right eye position

[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

on the visor. In at least one embodiment, the first contiguous grouping of pixels includes a first pixel within which the projected left eye position

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]

is located and a layer of additional pixels that completely surround and encompass the first pixel and the second contiguous grouping of pixels includes a second pixel within which the projected right eye position

[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

is located and a layer of additional pixels that completely surround and encompass the second pixel.

FIG. 5B shows an exemplary minimal optical state of the visor 12 that includes individual blockers that encompass each of the projected eye positions. Particularly, the minimal blocker pattern defines two roughly circular subsets of pixels 226B that encompass the projected eye positions (shown as ‘x’ markings within the minimal blocker pattern 226B), and which are operated in the opaque pixel operating state. As can be seen, the minimal blocker pattern 226B includes the two particular pixels within the projected eye positions are directly located, as well as a single layer of pixels encircling each of the two pixels within the projected eye positions are directly located. The remaining pixels 228B of the minimal optical state are operated in the transparent pixel optical state. In this way, the minimal blocker pattern 226B reliably encompasses the projected eye positions, while maximizing the amount of transparency in the visor 12.

The method 100 continues with determining an updated optical state for the visor by padding the minimal optical state (block 170). Particularly, the controller 10 determines the updated optical state for the visor 12 by padding the minimal blocker pattern of the minimal optical state with additional non-transparent pixels in accordance with a padding strategy defined by the blocking mode of the visor 12. In this way, the updated optical state includes additional pixels operated in a non-transparent pixel optical state aside from those that are strictly necessary to block sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver 16 (i.e., those pixels within which the projected eye positions are directly located). This padding in the updated optical state advantageously provides robustness against errors in the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]and[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)].

Moreover, this padding advantageously allows for a more relaxed response time to changes in the driving conditions, thereby avoiding scenarios where the latency of the system 20 would otherwise result in the sunlight temporarily reaching the eyes of the driver 16. Finally, this padding advantageously has a hysteresis effect that minimizes frequent small changes to the position of the blocker in the optical state of the visor 12.

Much like the initialized optical state and the minimal optical state of the visor 12, the updated optical state for the visor 12 is characterized by an array of updated pixel optical states

O_(i, j)^(Updated)

for the pixels 22 of the visor 12, each characterized by an integer value indicating a respective updated pixel optical state

O_(i, j)^(Updated)

of a respective pixel at a location (i,j). In embodiments in which the pixels 22 of the visor 12 are arranged in a uniform grid formation having a plurality of m columns and a plurality of n rows, the updated optical state for the visor 12 is characterized in particular by an [m × n] array of integer values. In at least one embodiment, the integer values have a value selected from a predetermined range of values (e.g., 0-255) corresponding to a plurality of possible pixel optical states.

A variety of different padding strategies can be used in which a set of padding pixels, operated in non-transparent pixel optical states, are added to the minimal blocker pattern of the minimal optical state to arrive at the updated optical state for the visor 12. The set of padding pixels are arranged adjacent to the minimal blocker pattern of the minimal optical state, generally along a perimeter of the minimal blocker pattern, thereby extending the blocker pattern to darken a larger portion of the visor 12.

In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines the set of padding pixels to include a layer of pixels that completely surround and encompass the minimal blocker pattern of the minimal optical state. In other words, the controller 10 determines the updated optical state by padding the minimal blocker pattern of the minimal optical state in all directions with additional darkened pixels. FIG. 6A shows an updated optical state of the visor 12 in which the minimal blocker pattern 226A of FIG. 5A has been padded by padding pixels 326A. The padding pixels 326A include a single layer of pixels, which are operated in the opaque pixel optical state, that completely surround and encompass the minimal blocker pattern 226A. Similarly, FIG. 6F shows an updated optical state of the visor 12 in which the minimal blocker pattern 226B of FIG. 5B has been padded by padding pixels 326F. The padding pixels 326F include a single layer of pixels, which are operated in the opaque pixel optical state, that completely surround and encompass the minimal blocker pattern 226B.

In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines the set of padding pixels to include a first set of pixels arranged adjacent to the minimal blocker pattern in a first direction (e.g., to the left horizontally) with respect to the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]and[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

and/or with respect to the minimal blocker pattern anda second set of pixels arranged adjacent to the minimal blocker pattern in an second direction opposite the first direction (e.g., to the right horizontally). In other words, the controller 10 determines the updated optical state by padding the minimal blocker pattern of the minimal optical state in opposite directions, only along one axis (e.g., only horizontally). FIG. 6B shows an updated optical state of the visor 12 in which the minimal blocker pattern 226A of FIG. 5A has been padded by padding pixels 326B. The padding pixels 326B include two layers of pixels, which are operated in the opaque pixel optical state, at each horizontal end of the minimal blocker pattern 226A.

In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines the set of padding pixels to include a layer of pixels that completely surround and encompass the minimal blocker pattern of the minimal optical state, but with different amounts of padding in different directions. FIG. 6C shows an updated optical state of the visor 12 in which the minimal blocker pattern 226A of FIG. 5A has been padded by padding pixels 326 c. The padding pixels 326C, which are operated in the opaque pixel optical state, include one layer of pixels on the above and below the minimal blocker pattern 226A, but three layers of pixels to the left and right of the minimal blocker pattern 226A. Similarly, FIG. 6G shows an updated optical state of the visor 12 in which the minimal blocker patterns 226B of FIG. 5B have been padded by padding pixels 326G. The padding pixels 326G, which are operated in the opaque pixel optical state, include one layer of pixels on the above and below the minimal blocker patterns 226B, but two layers of pixels to the left and right of the minimal blocker patterns 226B.

In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines the set of padding pixels to include (i) a first set of pixels that extend to an edge of the visor 12 from the minimal blocker pattern in a first direction (e.g., to the left horizontally) with respect to the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]and[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

and/or with respect to the minimal blocker pattern and (ii) a second set of pixels that extend to an edge of the visor 12 from the minimal blocker pattern in an second direction opposite the first direction (e.g., to the right horizontally). In other words, the controller 10 determines the updated optical state by padding the minimal blocker pattern of the minimal optical state from edge-to-edge in opposite directions along one axis (e.g., horizontally). FIG. 6D shows an updated optical state of the visor 12 in which the minimal blocker pattern 226A of FIG. 5A has been padded by padding pixels 326D. The padding pixels 326D include pixels, which are operated in the opaque pixel optical state, at each horizontal end of the minimal blocker pattern 226A that extend to the edge of the visor 12.

In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines the set of padding pixels to include all pixels on the visor 12 except those arranged in a first direction with respect to the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]and[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

and/or with respect to the minimal blocker pattern (e.g., downward vertically). In other words, the controller 10 determines the updated optical state by padding the minimal blocker pattern of the minimal optical state from edge-to-edge in every direction but one. FIG. 6E shows an updated optical state of the visor 12 in which the minimal blocker pattern 226A of FIG. 5A has been padded by padding pixels 326E. The padding pixels 326E include all of the pixels of the visor 12, from edge-to-edge, except those pixels arranged below the minimal blocker pattern 226A.

In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines the set of padding pixels based on a setting stored in a memory of the controller 10. In some embodiments, the controller 10 receives a user input via a user interface and determines the set of padding pixels based on the user input. In this way, the padding strategy can be predetermined or customized by the user, by a manufacturer of the vehicle 18, by a manufacturer of the visor system 20, or by any other entity.

In another embodiment, in the case that the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

was determined in a probabilistic manner characterized by a set of probabilities, the controller 10 determines the set of padding pixels based on an uncertainty of the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]and[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

or, likewise, based on an uncertainty of the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

or other driving conditions. For example, if there is a relatively higher uncertainty regarding the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]and[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)],

then the controller 10 determines the set of padding pixels to include relatively more padding pixels. Conversely, if there is a relatively lower uncertainty regarding the projected eye positions

[X_(visor)^(left), Y_(visor)^(left)]

and

[X_(visor)^(right), Y_(visor)^(right)]

then the controller 10 determines the set of padding pixels to include relatively fewer padding pixels.

The method 100 continues with operating the visor with the updated optical state (block 180). Particularly, the controller 10 operates the visor 12 to display the updated optical state. In this way, the optical state of the visor 12 reflects the most recently determined sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

and the most recently determined position of the eyes of the driver 16 [X^(left), Y^(left), Z^(left)] and [X^(right), Y^(right), Z^(right)], thereby providing continuous blocking of sunlight from striking the eyes of the driver. After updating the optical state of the visor 12, the method 100 returns to block 120 and begins processing the next image received from the camera 14 in the next update cycle.

Probabilistic Determination of Sunlight Direction

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary method 400 for determining the most likely current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

in a probabilistic manner using Bayesian Inference. The method 400 begins with defining a plurality of possible sunlight directions and uniformly initializing a probability distribution for the plurality of possible sunlight directions (block 410). Particularly, prior to operation (i.e., prior to initializing the optical state of the visor 12 in block 120 of the method 100), the controller 10 defines a plurality of p possible sunlight directions. As described above, the sunlight direction can be represented by vector that passes through the visor 12 and toward the driver 16 or, more particularly, as pair of angles including the angle at which the sunlight passes through along a first axis (e.g. a horizontal axis) and the angle at which the sunlight passes through along a second axis (e.g., a vertical axis). Moreover, it can be assumed that the eyes of the driver 16 will generally be located within a predetermined region of the cabin 17. Thus, only sunlight directions that also pass through this predetermined region within the cabin 17 need to be considered for operating the visor 12 because only this limited subset of sunlight directions will typically result in sunlight striking the eyes of the driver 16. For example, the predetermined region within the cabin 17 might be defined such that only sunlight angles [θ_(X), θ_(Y)] where -20° < θ_(X) < 20° and -10° < θ_(Y) < 10° can reasonably be expected to strike the eyes of the driver 16.

The controller 10 predefines the plurality of p possible sunlight directions, which can be thought of as a two-dimensional grid of possible sunlight directions. In one example, the controller 10 defines the p possible sunlight directions in 2° increments across the both the horizontal X-direction and the vertical Y-direction and bounded by predetermined region within the cabin 17 within which the eyes of the driver 16 are expected to be located, resulting in, for example, a 20 × 10 grid of possible sunlight directions or p = 200 possible sunlight directions. Each of the p possible sunlight directions is initialized with a uniform probability ⅟p, such that each of the p possible sunlight directions is assumed to be equally likely at the start of the method 100. The resulting probability distribution can be considered to take the same form as the grid of possible sunlight directions (e.g., a 20 × 10 grid of probabilities) and collectively add up to 1.0 or 100%. The controller 10 stores the p possible sunlight directions and the associated probabilities in the memory of the controller 10. As will be described in further detail, these probabilities will be continuously updated and refined based on new information, for example using Bayes’ Theorem, to arrive at an accurate prediction of the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)].

The method 400 continues with, for each of a plurality of sample points on the face of the driver, determining (i) an estimated illumination state of the respective sample point and (ii) a certainty of the estimated illumination state (block 420). Particularly, once the current pose of the head of the driver 16 [X^(head), Y^(head), Z^(head)] and

[θ_(X)^(head), θ_(Y)^(head), θ_(Z)^(head)]

is determined, a defined set of sample points on the face of the driver 16 is continuously tracked in the image(s) of the face of the driver 16. FIG. 8 shows a portion of an exemplary image 60 of the face of the driver 16. A plurality of sample points 62 are defined on the face of the driver 16 according to a predetermined pattern and distribution and at least include sample points in regions of the face around the eyes of the driver 16. In the illustrated embodiment, the sample points 62 are arranged in seven columns in which the five central columns include an equal number of uniformly spaced sample points 62, and in which the left and right most columns include a smaller number of sample points 62. However, it should be appreciated that a wide variety of patterns can be equivalently utilized. As each image is captured, the controller 10 determines the 2D location in the image of each of the sample points based on the current pose of the head of the driver 16 [X^(head), Y^(head), Z^(head)] and

[θ_(X)^(head), θ_(Y)^(head), θ_(Z)^(head)].

Particularly, it should be appreciated that the sample points have a defined location on the face of the driver 16 and, thus, when the pose of the head of the driver 16 [X^(head), Y^(head), Z^(head)] and

[θ_(X)^(head), θ_(Y)^(head), θ_(Z)^(head)]

changes, both the 3D locations of the sample points within the cabin 17 and the 2D locations of the sample points in the images change.

Once the sample points are located in the image, the controller 10 determines an estimated illumination state of each sample point based on the image and based on a previously estimated illumination state for each respective sample point. With reference again to FIG. 8 , as can be seen, a first subset of the sample points 62 are located within in a shadow 52 that has been projected onto the face of the driver 16 by the optical state of the visor 12 and a second subset of the sample points 62 are located within an illuminated region of the face of the driver 16. In the simplest embodiment, the estimated illumination state of each sample point is a binary classification of whether the respective sample point is in a shadow or not in a shadow. However, in further embodiments, the estimated illumination state of each sample point may have more than two possible classifications (e.g., including classifications for intermediate illumination levels). Additionally, in some embodiments, the estimated illumination state of each sample point may be numerical value indicating, in absolute or relative terms, an amount of illumination at the respective sample point in the image.

In at least some embodiments, the controller 10 also determines a certainty of the estimated illumination state of each sample point. Particularly, the shadow detection problem is challenging due to the many variables involved. The face of each driver 16 has a unique skin tone, shape, and size, the shape also varying over time due to different facial expressions of the driver 16. Additionally, the lighting environment that the driver 16 is in is continually changing, with both direct sunlight as well as indirect light bouncing off the objects and environment around the driver 16. As a result, there is a varying degree of uncertainty in determining whether each sample point on the face is in shadow or not. This uncertainty can lead to a noisy estimation of the illumination states, which can result in unnecessary and distracting changes to the optical state of the visor 12. Therefore, it is advantageous to incorporate the uncertainty into a coherent estimation of the illumination state of each sample point.

Returning to FIG. 7 , the method 400 continues with determining a set of plausible sunlight directions as a subset of the plurality of possible sunlight directions (block 430). Particularly, in at least some embodiments, the controller 10 determines a limited set of plausible sunlight directions as a subset of the plurality of p possible sunlight directions using one or more heuristics designed to eliminate possible sunlight directions that are in fact implausible or impossible. In this way, the method 400 advantageously limits the number of possible sunlight directions that must be tested. However, in at least some cases, the controller 10 does not eliminate any of the p possible sunlight directions and the set of plausible sunlight directions simply includes all of the plurality of p possible sunlight directions.

In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines a first bounding box around all of the pixels on the visor 12 that are operated in the opaque optical state and a second bounding box around all of the sample points on the face of the driver 16 that which are classified to be in a shadow. The controller 10 determines which possible sunlight directions would result in an overlap between the first bounding box around the opaque pixels and the second bounding box around the shaded sample points, after projection of the second bounding box onto the visor. If a possible sunlight direction projects the second bounding box around the shaded sample points onto a region of the visor 12 that does not overlap with the first bounding box around the opaque pixels, then that possible sunlight direction is implausible and does not need to be considered. In addition, all possible sunlight directions that project further the second bounding box from the first bounding box can also be excluded. In other words, a particular sunlight direction does not create an overlap between the bounding boxes, it is easily determined that which possible sunlight directions would result in the bounding boxes being even further from one another.

In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines the limited set of plausible sunlight directions as a subset of the plurality of p possible sunlight directions that are within a predetermined range/difference from the estimated sunlight direction of the previous image frame (e.g., only the possible sunlight directions that are within ±5° in the X or Y directions). The predetermined range/difference will generally be a function of the frame rate at which images are captured by the camera 14 and/or processed by the controller 10. Additionally, the predetermined range/difference may further be a function of a rate of rotation of the vehicle 18 during a turning maneuver.

In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines an expected change in the sunlight direction based on previous changes in the estimated sunlight directions over two or more previous image frames. The controller 10 determines the limited set of plausible sunlight directions based on the sunlight direction of the previous image frame and the expected change in the sunlight direction. As an illustrative example, during a turning maneuver of the vehicle 18, the sunlight directions will generally change one way or the other in the horizontal X direction over a sequence of consecutive image frames. Accordingly, if over the course of the previous few frames, the sunlight direction has shifted positively in the horizontal X direction by a threshold amount, it can be assumed that the sunlight direction in the current frame will continue to shift positively in the horizontal X direction or stay the same. Thus, possible sunlight directions representing negative shifts in the horizontal X direction (i.e., the opposite direction of change compared to the previous frames) can be considered implausible.

In some embodiments, the controller 10 is connected to a vehicle computer (not shown) or vehicle sensor (not shown) configured to provide additional contextual information from which changes in the sunlight direction can be inferred, such as a direction of travel, a time of day, acceleration data, steering information, global positioning data, etc. Based on the additional contextual information, the controller 10 eliminates some of the plurality of p possible sunlight directions as being implausible or impossible. In some embodiments, the controller 10 determines an expected change in the sunlight direction based on the additional contextual information and determines the limited set of plausible sunlight directions based on the sunlight direction of the previous image frame and the expected change in the sunlight direction.

The method 400 continues with, for each plausible sunlight direction, projecting the plurality of sample points onto a plane of the visor and determine a likelihood that the respective sunlight direction would result in the estimated illumination states of the plurality of sample points (block 440). Particularly, for each plausible sunlight direction in the limited set of plausible sunlight directions (or, in some cases, each possible sunlight direction in the plurality of p possible sunlight directions), controller 10 projects the sample points on the face of the driver onto a plane/surface of the visor 12 using the respective sunlight direction. As noted above, an estimated illumination state and certainty was determined for each sample point. Thus, the projection of these points onto the plane/surface of the visor 12 results in a set of points in the plane/surface of the visor 12, each point having an estimated illumination state and certainty.

The controller 10 compares the estimated illumination state and certainty of each projected sample point with the optical state of the visor 12 at the time the image was captured. Based on this comparison, the controller 10 determines a likelihood/probability that the current optical state of the visor 12 would have resulted in the estimated illumination states of the sample points. For example, if the sunlight direction used in the projection results in a high correspondence between sample points estimated to be in a shadow and pixels of the visor 12 that are operated in the opaque optical state, then the sunlight direction has a higher likelihood/probability of being correct. Conversely, if the sunlight direction used in the projection results in a low correspondence between sample points estimated to be in a shadow and pixels of the visor 12 that are operated in the opaque optical state, then the sunlight direction has a lower likelihood/probability of being correct.

Once repeated for all of the plausible sunlight directions (or, in some case, all of the p possible sunlight directions), this provides a 2D grid of likelihood/probability estimates in the same form as the grid of possible sunlight directions discussed above (e.g., a 20 × 10 grid of probabilities). If not done so in their original determination, the controller 10 normalizes the likelihood/probability estimates such that they add up to 1.0 or 100%. Additionally, the controller 10 assigns a very small likelihood/probability estimate to each of the possible sunlight directions that were not tested as a result of being eliminated as being implausible or impossible.

The method 400 continues with updating the probability distribution for the plurality of possible sunlight directions based on the determined likelihoods for each plausible sunlight direction (block 450). Particularly, the controller 10 updates the probability distribution associated with the plurality of p possible sunlight directions, stored in the memory of the controller 10, based on the determined likelihood/probability estimates for the current image. In one embodiment, the controller 10 updates the probability distribution for the plurality of p possible sunlight directions using Bayesian Inference and/or Bayes’ Theorem or any other suitable mathematical operation from incorporating new information into a probability estimate. The resulting updated probability distribution takes the same form as the grid of possible sunlight directions discussed above (e.g., a 20 × 10 grid of probabilities) and adds up to 1.0 or 100%. The controller 10 stores updated probability distribution in the memory of the controller 10. It will be appreciated that the process of estimating the sunlight direction in this manner effectively reduces the effect of the noisy estimation of the illumination states and enables a more stable prediction.

It should be appreciated that the processes of blocks 420, 430, 440, and 450 of the method 400 comprise one exemplary implementation of the process of block 140 in the method 100, in which the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

is determined. Thus, once the probability distribution for the current sunlight direction

[θ_(X)^(sun), θ_(Y)^(sun)]

has been determined, the controller 10 proceeds to the process of block 150 in the method 100, as described above.

Embodiments within the scope of the disclosure may also include non-transitory computer-readable storage media or machine-readable medium for carrying or having computer-executable instructions (also referred to as program instructions) or data structures stored thereon. Such non-transitory computer-readable storage media or machine-readable medium may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such non-transitory computer-readable storage media or machine-readable medium can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of the non-transitory computer-readable storage media or machine-readable medium.

Computer-executable instructions include, for example, instructions and data which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Computer-executable instructions also include program modules that are executed by computers in stand-alone or network environments. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, and data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer-executable instructions, associated data structures, and program modules represent examples of the program code means for executing steps of the methods disclosed herein. The particular sequence of such executable instructions or associated data structures represents examples of corresponding acts for implementing the functions described in such steps.

While the disclosure has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same should be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character. It is understood that only the preferred embodiments have been presented and that all changes, modifications and further applications that come within the spirit of the disclosure are desired to be protected. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A visor system comprising: a camera mounted within an environment and configured to capture a plurality of images of a face of a person in the environment; a visor mounted within the environment and having a plurality of pixels arranged contiguously, an optical state of the visor being adjustable by selectively operating each respective pixel of the plurality of pixels with a respective pixel optical state selected from a plurality of pixel optical states, each pixel optical state in the plurality of pixel optical states having a different opacity such that the respective pixel blocks a different amount of light from passing through a corresponding area of the visor; and a controller operably connected to the camera and to the visor, the controller being configured to receive the plurality of images from the camera and, for each respective image in the plurality of images: determine, based on the respective image, at least one position on the visor at which a light source shines through the visor into an eye of the person; determine an updated optical state for the visor including a first subset of pixels of the plurality of pixels which are operated in non-transparent pixel optical states from the plurality of pixel optical states, the first subset of pixels including (i) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is located so as to block the light source from shining through the visor into the eye of the person and (ii) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is not located; and operate the visor to display the updated optical state.
 2. The visor system of claim 1, the controller further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images: determine a minimal optical state for the visor including a second subset of pixels of the plurality of pixels which are operated in the non-transparent pixel optical states from the plurality of pixel optical states, the second subset of pixels including the at least one pixel within which the at least one position is located so as to block the light source from shining through the visor into the eye of the person; and determine the first subset of pixels of the updated optical state by adding, to the second subset of pixels from the minimal optical state, a third subset of pixels of the plurality of pixels within which the at least one position is not located.
 3. The visor system of claim 2, the controller further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images: determine, based on the respective image, a first position on the visor at which the light source shines through the visor into a first eye of the person and a second position on the visor at which the light source shines through the visor into a second eye of the person; and determine the second subset of pixels of the minimal optical state to include a contiguous grouping of pixels that encompasses both of the first position on the visor and the second position on the visor.
 4. The visor system of claim 3, wherein the contiguous grouping of pixels of the second subset of pixels includes (i) a first pixel within which the first position is located, (ii) a second pixel within which the second position is located, (iii) each pixel between the first pixel and the second pixel, and (iv) a set of additional pixels that surround the first pixel, the second pixel, and each pixel between the first pixel and the second pixel.
 5. The visor system of claim 2, the controller further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images: determine, based on the respective image, a first position on the visor at which the light source shines through the visor into a first eye of the person and a second position on the visor at which the light source shines through the visor into a second eye of the person; and determine the second subset of pixels of the minimal optical state to include a first contiguous grouping of pixels that encompasses the first position on the visor and a second contiguous grouping of pixels that encompasses the second position on the visor.
 6. The visor system of claim 5, wherein (i) the first contiguous grouping of pixels includes a first pixel within which the first position is located and a first set of additional pixels that surround the first pixel and (ii) the second contiguous grouping of pixels includes a second pixel within which the second position is located and a second set of additional pixels that surround the second pixel.
 7. The visor system of claim 2, the controller further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images: determining the third subset of pixels to include pixels arranged adjacent to the second subset of pixels.
 8. The visor system of claim 7, wherein the third subset of pixels include a set of pixels that surround the second subset of pixels.
 9. The visor system of claim 7, wherein the third subset of pixels include: a first set of pixels arranged adjacent to the second subset of pixels in a first direction with respect to the second subset of pixels; and a second set of pixels arranged adjacent to the second subset of pixels in a second direction with respect to the second subset of pixels, the second direction being opposite the first direction.
 10. The visor system of claim 9, wherein: the first set of pixels arranged adjacent to the second subset of pixels extend from the second subset of pixels to an edge of the visor in the first direction; and the second set of pixels arranged adjacent to the second subset of pixels extend from the second subset of pixels to an edge of the visor in the second direction.
 11. The visor system of claim 7, wherein the third subset of pixels includes all pixels of the plurality of pixels except those pixels that are arranged in a first direction with respect to the second subset of pixels.
 12. The visor system of claim 7, the controller further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images: determine the third subset of pixels based on an uncertainty of the at least one position on the visor at which the light source shines through the visor into the eye of the person.
 13. The visor system of claim 7, the controller further configured to: receive a user input provided via a user interface; and determine, for each respective image in the plurality of images, the third subset of pixels based on the user input.
 14. The visor system of claim 1, the controller further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images: determine, based on the respective image, (i) a current position of the eye of the person and (ii) a current light direction at which the light source shines through the visor; and determine, based on the current position of the eye of the person and the current light direction, the at least one position on the visor at which the light source shines through the visor into the eye of the person.
 15. The visor system of claim 14, the controller further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images: determine the at least one position on the visor at which the light source shines through the visor into the eye of the person by projecting the current position of the eye of the person onto the visor using the current light direction.
 16. The visor system of claim 14, the controller further configured to, for each respective image in the plurality of images: determine, based on the respective image, a current position of a left eye of the person and a current position of a right eye of the person; determine a first position on the visor at which the light source shines through the visor into the left eye of the person by projecting the current position of the left eye of the person onto the visor using the current light direction; and determine a second position on the visor at which the light source shines through the visor into the right eye of the person by projecting the current position of the right eye of the person onto the visor using the current light direction.
 17. The visor system of claim 1, wherein each respective pixel optical state in the plurality of pixel optical states is characterized by a numerical value that represents a respective opacity of the respective pixel optical state.
 18. The visor system of claim 1, wherein the visor includes a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel and each pixel in the plurality of pixels is an LCD pixel.
 19. A method for operating a visor system, the visor system including a visor mounted within an environment and having a plurality of pixels arranged contiguously, an optical state of the visor being adjustable by selectively operating each respective pixel of the plurality of pixels with a respective pixel optical state selected from a plurality of pixel optical states, each pixel optical state in the plurality of pixel optical states having a different opacity such that the respective pixel blocks a different amount of light from passing through a corresponding area of the visor, the method comprising: capturing, with a camera mounted within the environment, a plurality of images of a face of a person in the environment; and for each respective image in the plurality of images: determining, with a controller, based on the respective image, at least one position on the visor at which a light source shines through the visor into an eye of the person; determining, with the controller, an updated optical state for the visor including a first subset of pixels of the plurality of pixels which are operated in non-transparent pixel optical states from the plurality of pixel optical states, the first subset of pixels including (i) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is located so as to block the light source from shining through the visor into the eye of the person and (ii) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is not located; and displaying, with the visor, the updated optical state.
 20. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for operating a visor system, the visor system including (i) a camera mounted within an environment and configured to capture a plurality of images of a face of a person in the environment and (ii) a visor mounted within the environment and having a plurality of pixels arranged contiguously, an optical state of the visor being adjustable by selectively operating each respective pixel of the plurality of pixels with a respective pixel optical state selected from a plurality of pixel optical states, each pixel optical state in the plurality of pixel optical states having a different opacity such that the respective pixel blocks a different amount of light from passing through a corresponding area of the visor, the computer-readable medium storing program instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to: receive the plurality of images from the camera; and for each respective image in the plurality of images: determine, based on the respective image, at least one position on the visor at which a light source shines through the visor into an eye of the person; determine an updated optical state for the visor including a first subset of pixels of the plurality of pixels which are operated in non-transparent pixel optical states from the plurality of pixel optical states, the first subset of pixels including (i) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is located so as to block the light source from shining through the visor into the eye of the person and (ii) at least one pixel within which the at least one position is not located; and operate the visor to display the updated optical state. 